CCSS

R.1, R.2, R.4, R.5, R.6, R.7, R.9, W.1, SL.1, L.4, L.6

The New Science of Solving Crimes

Could you help crack a difficult case or solve an unsolved mystery? Read on to find out.  

Before You Read: Check out our Background Builder slideshow

 

Illustration by Carolyn Ridsdale

Bibb County Sheriff Jody Wade and Identifinders International

Unknown Boy

    Everyone in Bibb County, Alabama, knew about the “Unknown Boy.” It was the community’s very own mystery.

    Back in 1961, a car crashed off a bridge. It sank into the dark waters of the Cahaba (kah-HAH-bah) River. The driver survived.  The 15-year-old hitchhiker who was riding  with him did not. 

    Who was this boy? He had no ID. No one in town knew him. Police tried for weeks to find his family, with no luck. So people in the community came together and bought a gravestone. For decades, he was known as “Unknown Boy.”

    Then in 2021, a new technology gave Unknown Boy a name. He was Daniel Paul Armantrout. He had run away from his home in Tennessee. His family never knew what had happened to him.

    How was this 60-year-old mystery solved?

    It was all thanks to something called DNA.    

    Bibb County, Alabama, had its own mystery. It was the mystery of the “Unknown Boy.” Everyone knew about it.

    Back in 1961, a car crashed off a bridge. The driver lived. But the passenger did not. He was a 15-year-old hitchhiker. 

    Who was this boy? He had no ID. No one in town knew him. Police tried to find his family. They had no luck. For decades, he was known as “Unknown Boy.”

    In 2021, a new technology gave Unknown Boy a name. He was Daniel Paul Armantrout. He was from Tennessee. He had run away from home. His family never knew what had happened to him.

    How was this 60-year-old mystery solved?

    It was solved thanks to DNA

    Everyone in Bibb County, Alabama, knew about the “Unknown Boy.” It was the community’s very own mystery. 

    Back in 1961, a car crashed off a bridge, sinking into the dark waters of the Cahaba (kah-HAH-bah) River. The driver survived, but the 15-year-old hitchhiker who was riding with him did not. 

    Who was this boy? He had no ID, and no one in town knew him. Police tried for weeks—with no luck—to find his family. Eventually, people in the community came together and bought a gravestone. For decades, he was known as “Unknown Boy.”

    Then in 2021, a new technology helped uncover Unknown Boy’s name: He was Daniel Paul Armantrout. He had run away from his home in Tennessee, and his family never knew what had happened to him.

    How was this 60-year-old mystery finally solved?

    It was all thanks to something called DNA.

What Is DNA?

    Did you know that wherever you go, you leave behind part of yourself?

    You sip from a water bottle and toss it in the recycling bin. You blow your nose in a tissue and forget about it. Your saliva, your snot, your hair, your blood—they all contain your DNA.

    So what is DNA? DNA is the material in your body that stores all the information that makes you you. Your DNA is passed on to you by your parents. It controls your hair and eye color and so much more. It can be seen only under a strong microscope.

    Every person’s DNA is unique. This makes it one of the best tools for solving crimes. Police have been using DNA since 1986. They can take DNA from a crime scene and run it through a database of criminals’ DNA. If there’s a match, they’ve found their suspect.

    But what if the suspect has never been a criminal? Their DNA wouldn’t be in the database. That’s where an exciting new tool has come in.

    Wherever you go, you leave behind part of yourself. You sip from a water bottle and leave DNA on it. You blow your nose in a tissue and leave DNA on it. Your saliva, your snot, your hair, your blood—they all contain your DNA.

    DNA is a material in your body. It stores all the information that makes you you. Your DNA comes from your parents. It controls your hair color, eye color, and much more. You can see it only with a strong microscope.

    Every person’s DNA is unique. That makes it a great tool for solving crimes. Police have been using DNA since 1986. They take DNA from a crime scene. Then they run it through a database of criminals’ DNA. If there’s a match, they’ve found their suspect.

    But what if the person who did the crime has never been a criminal before? Then their DNA wouldn’t be in the database. That’s where a new tool helps.

    Did you know that wherever you go, you leave behind part of yourself?

    You sip from a water bottle and toss it in the recycling bin. You blow your nose in a tissue and forget about it. Your saliva, your snot, your hair, your blood—they all contain your DNA.

    So what is DNA? DNA, which is passed on to you by your parents, is the material in your body that stores all the information that makes you you. It controls your hair and eye color and so much more—and it can be seen only under a strong microscope. 

    Every person’s DNA is unique, which makes it one of the best tools for solving crimes, and police have been using it since 1986. They can take DNA from a crime scene and run it through a database of criminals’ DNA. If there’s a match, they know they’ve found their suspect.

    But if the suspect has never been a criminal, then their DNA wouldn’t be in the database. That’s where an exciting new tool has come in.

Shutterstock.com

What is DNA?
DNA is found in every cell in your body. It’s really tiny and can be seen only under a strong microscope. DNA looks like a twisted ladder. Your DNA helps determine how you look.

Family Trees

    Within the past 10 years, it has become easy for anyone to test their DNA. Millions of people have spit into little plastic tubes. Then they’ve sent those tubes off to companies like AncestryDNA and 23andMe for testing. Why? The results can help them find long-lost relatives. DNA can also give them clues as to what part of the world their family comes from.

    Some people have become experts in using these DNA databases to build family trees. Misty  Gillis is one of them. And she used her skills to solve the mystery of Daniel Armantrout. 

    So how did Gillis do it? She used DNA provided by Bibb County officials to find a family match in a DNA database. It was the boy’s cousin. Then she found that cousin’s relatives—and simply started calling people. Misty’s search finally led her to Danny’s brother. He confirmed that Danny had run away in 1961. 

    Unknown Boy was unknown no more. 

    In the past 10 years, it has become easy for anyone to test their DNA. Millions of people have done it. How? You spit into a little plastic tube. You send the tube to a company, like AncestryDNA or 23andMe. Those companies test DNA. The results can help people find long-lost relatives. They can learn which parts of the world their family comes from.

    Some people use these DNA databases to build family trees. Misty Gillis is one of them. She solved the mystery of Daniel Armantrout. 

    How did Gillis do it? She got DNA from Bibb County officials. She used it to find a family match in a DNA database. It was the boy’s cousin. Then she found that cousin’s relatives—and started calling people. Misty’s search led her to Danny’s brother. He confirmed that Danny had run away in 1961. 

    Unknown Boy was unknown no more. 

    Within the past 10 years, it has become easy for anyone to test their DNA. Millions of people have spit into little plastic tubes and sent those tubes off to companies like AncestryDNA and 23andMe for testing. Why? The results can help them find long-lost relatives and give them clues as to what part of the world their family comes from.

    Some people, like Misty Gillis, have become experts in using these DNA databases to build family trees. Gillis used her skills to solve the mystery of Daniel Armantrout. 

    So how did Gillis do it? She used DNA provided by Bibb County officials to find a family match in a DNA database. It was the boy’s cousin. Then she found that cousin’s relatives—and simply started calling people. Misty’s search finally led her to Danny’s brother, who confirmed that Danny had run away in 1961. 

    Unknown Boy was unknown no more. 

Shutterstock.com

To test your own DNA, just spit in this tube!

A Powerful Tool 

    Hundreds of unsolved cases have been solved since police started using DNA databases in this way. But some people worry. Could your DNA get a family member in trouble? And what’s next? Let’s say a cup blows out of your hand. Will you get fined for littering after police test the DNA on the cup?

    For now, there are rules in place that protect people’s privacy. Only certain DNA databases allow the police to use them. (For example, the biggest ones—AncestryDNA and 23andMe—don’t.) Those databases can be used only to solve violent crimes—not smaller crimes like littering.

    Many experts are excited about the possibilities. Unknown victims like Daniel can be given a name. Cases that have stumped police for years can be solved­—sometimes in hours!

    Who knew a little spit could be such a powerful tool? 

    Hundreds of unsolved cases from the past have been solved this way. But some people worry. Could your DNA get a family member in trouble? And what’s next? Let’s say a cup blows out of your hand. The police find it. Will you get fined for littering?

    For now, rules protect people’s privacy. Only certain DNA databases allow the police to use them. (The biggest ones—AncestryDNA and 23andMe—don’t.) Those databases can be used only to solve violent crimes—not smaller crimes like littering.

    Experts say a lot can be done with DNA. Unknown victims like Daniel can be given a name. Cases that have stumped police for years can be solved—sometimes in hours!

    Who knew a little spit could be such a powerful tool? 

    Hundreds of unsolved cases have been solved since police started using DNA databases in this way. But some people worry about whether their DNA could get a family member in trouble. And what’s next? Will you get fined for littering if a cup blows out of your hand and police later test the DNA on the cup?

    For now, there are rules in place that protect people’s privacy. Only certain DNA databases allow the police to use them. (For example, the biggest ones—AncestryDNA and 23andMe—don’t.) Those databases can be used only to solve violent crimes—not smaller crimes like littering.

    Many experts are excited about the possibilities. Unknown victims like Daniel can be given a name, and cases that have stumped police for years can be solved—sometimes in hours!

    Who knew a little spit could be such a powerful tool? 

The Truth About Lie Detectors

Versions of lie detector tests have been used for hundreds of years. But should we depend on them to solve crimes?  

Ewing Galloway/Alamy Stock Photo

Then

Shutterstock.com

Now

    Imagine you’re in ancient China. You’ve been accused of a crime. You swear you didn’t do it. And now you’ve got a mouth full of dry rice. Why? 

    You’re being given one of the earliest known lie detector tests.

    Lie detector tests have been used throughout history to try to solve crimes. This early one in China was based on a simple idea: Lying makes you nervous, which makes your mouth dry. If you spit out the rice and it was dry, you were guilty. Not surprisingly, it didn’t always work.

    Lie detectors have gotten better with time. The modern lie detector is a machine called a polygraph. It was invented in 1921. Basically, it measures your blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and sweat.

    An examiner may begin by asking you simple questions that have only one right answer. What’s your name? What year is it? This shows the examiner how your body responds when you’re more comfortable with the answer. Then, they ask what they really want to know, like Did you do it? It’s up to the examiner to interpret the results and decide whether you’re lying or not.

    Obviously, there are problems with this. A polygraph measures your stress level, not whether you’re lying. And being accused of a crime would make anyone feel stressed! Plus, if you Google “how to beat a lie detector,” you’ll learn that it’s very possible. 

    Luckily, polygraphs are almost never used as evidence anymore. But a few decades ago, a failed polygraph test could put you in jail.

    It all makes you wonder: How will we be solving crimes 100 years from now? 

    Imagine you’re in ancient China. You’re accused of a crime. You swear you didn’t do it. And now your mouth is full of dry rice. Why? 

    It’s a test to see if you’re lying.

    Lie detector tests have been used throughout history. This early one in China was based on a simple idea: Lying makes you nervous. Being nervous makes your mouth dry. If you spit out the rice and it is dry, you are guilty. Not surprisingly, it didn’t always work.

    Lie detectors have gotten better with time. The modern lie detector is a machine. It’s called a polygraph. It was invented in 1921. It measures your blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and sweat. 

    An examiner may begin by asking simple questions. What’s your name? What year is it? This shows the examiner how your body responds when you’re comfortable with an answer. Then, they ask what they really want to know, like Did you do it? The examiner will interpret the results. They decide whether you’re lying or not.

    Of course, there are problems with this. A polygraph measures your stress level, not whether you’re lying. And being accused of a crime would make anyone feel stressed! Plus, if you Google “how to beat a lie detector,” you’ll learn that it’s very possible. 

    Polygraphs are rarely used as evidence today. But a few decades ago, a failed polygraph test could put you in jail.

    It makes you wonder: How will we be solving crimes 100 years from now? 

    Imagine that you’re in ancient China. You’ve been accused of a crime, but you swear you didn’t do it. And now you’ve got a mouth full of dry rice. Why? 

    You’re being given one of the earliest known lie detector tests.

    Lie detector tests have been used throughout history to try to solve crimes. This early one in China was based on the simple idea that lying makes you nervous, which makes your mouth dry. If you spit out the rice and it was dry, you were guilty. Not surprisingly, it didn’t always work.

    Lie detectors have improved over time. The modern lie detector, invented in 1921, is a machine called a polygraph. Basically, it measures your blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and sweat. 

    An examiner may begin by asking you simple questions—such as What’s your name? and What year is it?—that have only one right answer. This shows the examiner how your body responds when you’re more comfortable with the answer. Then, they ask what they really want to know, such as Did you do it? It’s up to the examiner to interpret the results and decide whether you’re lying or not. 

    Obviously, there are problems with this. A polygraph measures your stress level, not whether you’re lying—and being accused of a crime would make anyone feel stressed! Plus, if you Google “how to beat a lie detector,” you’ll learn that it’s very possible. 

    Fortunately, polygraphs are almost never used as evidence anymore. But a few decades ago, a failed polygraph test could put you in jail.

    It all makes you wonder: How will we be solving crimes 100 years from now? 

Background Builder

Skills Sheets (5)
Skills Sheets (5)
Skills Sheets (5)
Skills Sheets (5)
Skills Sheets (5)
Lesson Plan (1)
Leveled Articles (2)
Leveled Articles (2)
Text-to-Speech